DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Prasterone (INN), is the most abundant steroid hormone in humans. Depending on the respective Ellen hormone levels it can behave like an estrogen or an androgen like.

DHEA is the precursor for both the male sex hormones (androgens), as well as female sex

DHEA is produced in men to 100% in the inner layer (zona reticularis) of the adrenal cortex. In women, generating only about 70% the other 30% in the ovaries.

In the biosynthesis of DHEA formed from cholesterol via the intermediate hydroxy-pregnenolone and pregnenolone. Thereafter, the reaction is carried out to 4-androstenedione, which is in a chemical balance of testosterone. In a next step may be formed from testosterone 17β-estradiol. From 4-androstenedione is also possible the synthesis of estrone, which in turn is in equilibrium with 17β-estradiol.

The amount of DHEA formed by the body are dependent on the age and gender, also subject to the DHEA concentration in the blood of a diurnal rhythm.

The adrenal glands produce in the first years of life, only small amounts of DHEA, larger quantities are first detected in the age of six to seven years. The production of DHEA reaches its peak around the age of 25 years and then goes back all the time.

At all ages, men have slightly higher DHEA levels than women.

DHEA is in the liver to sulfate DHEA-S metabolism (discovered in 1994).

Studies suggest that the concentration of DHEA could be increased through training on heart rate variability [4] and could cause a corresponding Wirkmuster, as with drugs with anti-depressive effect.
DHEA and glandular

DHEA is an abbreviation for dehydroepiandrosterone, is a steroid hormone from the adrenal gland. Hormones are substances that are formed in glands or in other tissues and cells

There Peptide hormone such as: insulin, which is produced by certain cells of the pancreas and lowers blood sugar levels. They consist of chains of amino acids (peptides) or amino acid derivatives. Another group are the steroid hormones, which are derived from cholesterol. These include not only DHEA and sex hormones (androgens, estrogens) and hormones such as aldosterone (regulates the renal function) and cortisone.
DHEA and steroid hormones
Steroid hormones may, because of their lipophilic character (lipid solubility) easily get through the cell membranes and bind to the interior of the cells to a receptor protein. Sun also tells yo that steroid hormones can have such a varied effect.

The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and stimulates the transcription (reading of genes), so that specific proteins (enzymes) can be formed.

DHEA is the most common hormone in the blood (15-20mg/Tag) and is present in higher concentrations in the brain. DHEA was in 1931 by A. Butenandt (German chemist, Nobel laureate) in menschl. Urine discovered. It is produced in the adrenal cortex (zona reticularis), converted by the liver into DHEA sulfate (Discover 1944), so zikuliert relatively stable during the day mainly in the blood and is transformed in the body in the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen. The sexual impact is approximately 10% of that of testosterone. (Data f. Biochem Res Oxford. Publ 1984, p.

DHEA and cancer

Between 1972 and 1997, more than 4,000 publications have been published worldwide to DHEA, to 1991, many studies have demonstrated the positive effect against various types of cancer, atherosclerosis, weight reduction and extended life span in animals. From 1994 was mainly investigated the effect in humans and so far yielded comparable results.

DHEA and Alzheimer's disease

In the United States and other countries already DHEA is marketed extensively and sometimes referred to as a miracle cure. It is slipping out of the mostly very positive PUBLICATIONS that DHEA improved the gifts Simmung, increase sexual activity and readiness to counteract stress hormones, muscle condition to maintain, strengthen the immune system,

and reduce cancer and heart disease risk. Even against AIDS, osteoporosis and Alzheimer DHEA to be effective.
DHEA is also likely to be closely associated with it to keep brain neurons from age-related degenerative processes such as Alzheimer's. Not only that such degenerative processes most often occur when the DHEA levels are lowest but the concentration of DHEA in the brain is much higher than in blood. Dr E. Roberts is a specialist in this field of research. He found that small amounts of DHEA are sufficient to increase the number of nerve cells, increasing their number of contacts with others and their differentiation in cell cultures anzuregen.DHEA has improved its long-term memory were also found in trained mice. DHEA may play a similar role in the human brain.

One of the major publications is from Mohammed Kalimi and William Regelson 1990: "The biological role of DHEA, present in about 24 chapters in scientists from around the world the results of perhaps the most important neurotransmitter DHEA. These are impressive. In the preface the editor find the following:
"DHEA affects diabetes, cancer, tumor formation, skin integrity, fatigue, depression, memory and immune responses. With this wide range of clinical applications, it is surprising, why are not more books about DHEA have been pebbles!"

Early studies from England [Bulbrook, 1962.1971] showed that DHEA appeared in abnormally low concentrations in women who had breast cancer, even up to nine years before the disease was diagnosed. Of the 5,000 women in the study produced 27 breast cancer. Most of the 27 had extremely low DHEA levels. If low levels of DHEA to promote breast cancer, is also the opposite conclusion acceptable?

DHEA and Tumore

 
Dr. A. Schwartz of Temple University, USA found that premiums retained of DHEA in cell cultures from the toxicity of carcinogenic Carcinogenic factors). Typically, cell cultures react significantly with DNA mutations, changes in cell appearance and a high mortality rate. When DHEA doses, these effects were all significantly reduced. In mice treated with carcinogenic agents were those who did not receive any additional DHEA breast cancer. In other studies, a reduction of the tumor rate up to 80% was observed. [Schwartz 1981, 1984] The DHEA-known researchers noted egelsen W.: "Whenever DHEA was tested in a model environment for the development of cancer and Tumorinduzierung, DHEA had preventive effects."

Although DHEA is currently being tested in human tumors is unknown whether the effects in humans are similar.

This must be said that mice and rats were used as test subjects for a long time before the investigations in humans. The results have been generally similar to or identical
DHEA research
Simultaneously with the study of the cancer effects of DHEA, the effect of DHEA has been studied in genetically obese mice. Although the DHEA-treated mice ate normally, they remained thin. And lived longer than control mice. In another experiment, it was found that even middle-aged fat rats lost weight, when combined with DHEA-supplemented diet was fed. Diabetes, a typical consequence of obesity, has also been dramatically reduced

DHEA and female hormones

DHEA is the main substance of the sex hormones and is converted into androgens (male hormones)) and estrogens (female hormones. DHEA also affected the production of insulin-like growth factor-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1). IGF 1 is a "translator", which allows the body to recover, for example), the (HGH (see below) can.

Positive effects of DHEA

Many studies have shown that DHEA the muscle and bone and promotes youthful skin can be yours. Likewise, it improves neurological function and immune function. There are also indications that DHEA in heart disease, obesity, cancer and autoimmune diseases (lupus, MS, rheumatoid arthritis) and helps protect against osteoporosis. A study reported from California (SSCYen) that after 2 weeks DHEA intake 82% of women and 67% of men felt an increase in general health. Also improved sleep, greater elasticity and improved balance and dealing with stressful situations was one of the positive effects,DHEA and DHEAS are obviously diverse in their metabolic effects. Here are some of them:

DHEA and sex hormones

As a precursor of the adrenal steroid hormones, they are converted into the target organs and tissues as a function of the corresponding enzymes in androgens (male sex hormones) and estrogens (female sex hormones). Approx. 50% of total androgens in men are formed from these two precursors in women about 75%. The liver converts DHEA to DHEAS in oral host.

Steroid hormones can easily penetrate the lipid solubility because of your cell membranes, are in the cell bound to a receptor and effect as a hormone-receptor complex on the DNA (genetic information) in the nucleus, where genes which are read and implemented. (Enzyme formation).

DHEA and muscles

Several researchers found that DHEA, the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) inhibits an enzyme that breaks down glucose. In the so-called Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose include ribulose-5-phosphate (for the nucleotide synthesis) and 3-P-glyceraldehyde is converted, which is re-injected into the glycolysis. Thus, BTS is then formed, which is then converted into AcetylCoA Others the precursor of fatty acids and the fats. The Pentosephosphatzyklus plays, especially in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, thyroid gland and the erythrocyte (red blood cells) play a role, but not in the muscles. In most tissues, this pathway is associated with, for example, the fatty acid synthesis.
Thus DHEA inhibits fat synthesis.

DHEA and antioxidants

Furthermore, DHEA stimulates the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in the liver, an enzyme involved in the chemical degradation resulting H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide, breaks down cytotoxin). Also, the entire maturation (stimulation of the formation of mRNA of enzyme genes) of peroxisomes (cell organelles such as: the liver cells), which is funded containing catalase. [Mol Pharmacol. 50: 67-74 (1996)]

Thus antioxidant processes are encouraged. [Biochem. J. 301: 753-8 (1994)]

DHEA enhanced combat the formation of interferon in activated T cells (white blood cells, the virus-infected cells). Thus DHEA protects against viral infections.

DHEA promotes the development of insulin-producing cells and increases insulin sensitivity.

DHEA can significantly reduce the Herzinfarktrisioko. Activation of brain metabolism in the forebrain and other brain parts by

DHEA. It can enhance the differentiation of nerve cells.
DHEA and LIBIDO
The food in the United States approved a substitute DHEA could be used in women with Nebennierenschwäche improve well-being and libido: A German placebo-controlled study of 24 women showed that 50 mg / day DHEA increased libido and sexual Zufriedenheitsignifikant. (New England Journal of Medicine)
DHEA improves obviously the reepithelialization in patients with burns with autologous skin grafts
were treated. In the placebo-controlled trial with 63 patients 10mg/kg DHEA led
one weeks postoperatively. intravenously to a significantly improved reepithelialization

DHEA studies in America

The researchers of the National Institute of Mental Health of the United States Rockville, Maryland-treated 46 men and women. They were given either daily for six weeks 90 mg DHEA
As the American journal Archives of General Psychiatry, reported in March 2005, had depressive symptoms only in the DHEA group improved significantly. Side effects that occurred in this time of ingestion of DHEA did not.
In the U.S., DHEA is a the-counter dietary supplements. In Germany, you can have DHEA on prescription through a pharmacy or to import purchased via the mail order business. or a dummy drug (placebo).
DHEA affects health and longevity
Research has shown, dass DHEA many functions in the body that influence health and has logevity. Proponents believe DHEA briniging dass die back to the proportions of young people have levels can dramatically positive effects on the body and mind.

DHEA reversed Age

One of the ways DHEA helps to reverse the downward spiral of "age" is by giving us back our youth energy. Energy from fuel economy, our bodies go, and if we do not have enough energy, as do most of us have difficulty affecting the quality of life.
The doctors are prevented by DHEA to Aging
Today, doctors throughtout the United States are requiring DHEA to their patients to treat a variety of ailments and are fully the idea, dass die

A recovery until it is young people levels to prevent a "tonic" to the ravages of aging dass.DHEA Improves sexual performance
DHEA Increases brain function and memory
Stress, soothes and promotes the well-being
DHEA Improves immunity for Infection Research PROTECTION
Lowers blood cholesterol

DHEA Improves liver function

DHEA prevents thwart heart disease and cancer
Stabilize blood sugar levels to prevent adult diabetes
But what exactly is DHEA, and how does it work?
DHEA is the most common steroid hormone in the body. It will in particular) from the adrenal glands, and to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the body (including the fat cells. DHEA is metabolized from pregnenolone, the body's "master hormone," even the metabolism of cholesterol is. DHEA is metabolized into other hormones, including testosterone and estrogen, and up to 150 different metabolites.

While there are still important questions to answer, there is no question that young DHEADHEA starts declining (EP Pavlov et al 1986; Nafziger AN et al 1998). Women, tend to have lower levels of DHEA to lose much more quickly than men because they are old. Concentrations remain about 30% higher in men (Orentreich N et al. 1984). DHEA levels also vary by ethnicity (Orentreich N et al. 1984; LaCroix AZ et al. 1992; Hornsby PJ 1995). At age 70, DHEA is only 20% of young adult levels (Belanger A et al 1994). Levels are closely linked with good health, and low levels were at various diseases. Unfortunately, after about 35 years,

Modern hormone replacement therapy seeks to re-balance of the juvenile hormone in the body and that is DHEA, where the value really is. Because it is metabolized into other hormones, supplementation with DHEA is able to allow the body to decide, what the hormone is needed to synthesize it, that hormone from the available DHEA. This can be for the astonishing range of benefits that many researchers attribute to this hormone. DHEA's separate metabolites, including 7-keto DHEA has also shown that some benefits, including lowering cholesterol, fat burning, and to strengthen the immune system.

There are many theories, provocatively, may someday help to explain DHEA's role in specific diseases. For example, many elderly people suffer from high cholesterol levels, which are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this age group, the rate of heart disease is rising much faster among women than men, partly because of the loss of hormones during menopause. Obviously there is a connection between

Heart disease and sex hormones, and this phenomenon raises an interesting possibility. Because the sex hormones are synthesized from cholesterol, may increase cholesterol levels represent the body attempts to supply more of the raw materials for the production of hormones. For one study showed a decrease in cholesterol levels after extensive natural hormone therapy (Dzugan SA et al 2002).
What you learned so far?
DHEA is a hormone from the synthesis of pregnenolone. It may be metabolized into estrogen or testosterone. DHEA is the most prevalent steroid hormone in the body.

Low DHEA levels are clearly associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammation, Alzheimer's and others.

DHEA levels drop dramatically as people age. There are marked differences in the average DHEA levels between men and women, with women on average a lower level of DHEA.DHEA replacement therapy may re youthful DHEA levels.
DHEA: The fight against inflammation
Inflammation is an insidious condition, and we are learning more every year about his collaboration with a variety of diseases. Inflammation caused by internal chemicals known as inflammatory cytokines, which responded as part of the immune system. These chemicals, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (Beta) [IL are 1 (β)] and / or leukotriene in greater concentrations as we age. Reduce the reduce the concentration of inflammatory cytokines to the risk of serious disease is a target of nutrient and hormonal therapy.

DHEA supplementation has been shown to improve several aspects of the immune system cytokine production and T-cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes and function in postmenopausal women and older men (Khorram O et al 1997). DHEA appears to be especially valuable against IL-6 and TNF, both of which increased in patients with inflammatory arthritis (James K et al 1997, Straub RH et al 1998, Straub RH et al 2002a; Leowattana Watts 2001). Lupus erythematosus is another chronic inflammatory condition affecting approximately 1 in 700 women, usually younger women (KE Sullivan, 1999-2000). The treatment of this type of lupus with DHEA (50 to 200 mg daily) caused clinical improvement and lupus flares dropped by 16% (van Vollenhoven RF et al 1998, Chang DM et al 2002).

DHEA production

The production of DHEA in the body comes from approximately 30mg of 20 years to less than 6 mg per day at the age of 80 years. According to Dr. W. Regelson, Medical College Virginia, DHEA is one of the best biochemical marker for chronological age. For some people, DHEA decreases during life by 95%, the biggest decline among the key biochemical substances, which is unknown.

In animal studies, DHEA prolonged the lives of rodents by 50%. The animals were living not only longer, looked younger. The gray-haired animals could easily control the smooth black-DHEA-treated animals can be distinguished.

 
DHEA and Heart

HEAS levels correlate directly with mortality (dying) in humans.12 years in an ongoing study of 240 men aged 50 to 79 years, researchers found that DHEAS level is inversely related to mortality, heart attack or whether other factors have resulted in death. 1mg/Liter-Anstieg in DHEAS concentrations corresponded to a 48% reduction in mortality from heart attack. Those with higher blood levels of DHEAS lived longer and had a lower risk of heart disease. These results lead to the conclusion, DHEAS use as a diagnostic standard,
DHEA und  LIBIDO
The food in the United States approved a substitute DHEA could be used in women with Nebennierenschwäche improve well-being and libido: A German placebo-controlled study of 24 women showed that 50 mg / day DHEA increased libido and sexual Zufriedenheitsignifikant. (New England Journal of Medicine)

Dhea Literatur

1.Araghiniknam J, Chung S, Nelson-White T, et al. Antioxidant activity of dioscorea and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in older humans. Life Sci 1996;59:147–57.
2. Morales AJ, Haubrich RH, Hwang JY, et al. The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49:421–32.
5. Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Sharp RL. Effect of oral DHEA on serum Testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:2274–83.
10. Morales AJ, Nolan JJ, Nelson JC, Yen SSC. Effects of replacement dose of DHEA in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1360.
13. McNeil C. Potential drug DHEA hits snags on way to clinic. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:681–3.
14. Jones JA, Nguyen A, Strab M, et al. Use of DHEA in a patient with advanced prostate cancer: a case report and review. Urology 1997;50:784–8.
• Coleman DL, Schweizer RW and Leiter EH. Effect of genetic background on the therapeutic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in diabetes-obesity mutants and in aged normal mice. Diabetes 33: 26-32, 1984.
Kahn, Carol. Beyond the Double Helix: DNA and the Quest for Longevity , Times Books, 1985, page 143. A thorough and highly readable "inside" account of DHEA research.
Coleman DL, Leiter EH and Schweizer RW. Therapeutic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in diabetic mice. Diabetes 31: 830-33, 1982.
  
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